Abstract

Fish seed production is a critical determinant of aquaculture productivity and sustainability, particularly in developing economies where demand for fish consistently exceeds supply. This study examines the status of fish seed production in Edo State, Nigeria, with a focus on production capacity, technology adoption, influencing factors, constraints, and sustainability prospects. A descriptive and analytical survey design was adopted, covering five Local Government Areas (Oredo, Egor, IkpobaOkha, Uhunmwonde, and Etsako West). Data were obtained from 120 respondents comprising hatchery operators, fish farmers, and extension officers. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and inferential techniques, including ANOVA and multiple regression analysis, supported by SPSS-style outputs. Findings reveal that fish seed production operates below optimal capacity, with low utilization levels (mean = 2.45) and a significant mismatch between supply and demand. Technology adoption remains largely traditional, with minimal utilization of Recirculatory Aquaculture Systems (mean = 1.90). Regression results indicate that technical skill (β = 0.42), access to finance (β = 0.36), and hatchery infrastructure (β = 0.29) significantly influence production output (R² = 0.61, p < 0.05). Further analysis shows pronounced spatial disparities, with urban LGAs such as Oredo and Egor demonstrating relatively higher production efficiency compared to rural areas. Key constraints include high input costs, limited funding access, inadequate technical capacity, and weak infrastructure support systems. The study concludes that fish seed production in Edo State remains structurally constrained and semi-commercial in nature. Without targeted interventions in technology, capacity building, and financing, the supply-demand gap in fish seed will persist. Strengthening institutional frameworks and promoting modern hatchery systems are essential for sustainable aquaculture development in the state